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| any of the energy levels of a physical system, such as an atom or molecule, that has higher energy than the lowest energy level |
| the time required for one half the atoms of a given amount of a radioactive substance to disintegrate |
| conservation of energy | |
| —n | |
| the principle that the total energy of any isolated system is constant and independent of any changes occurring within the system | |
| conservation of energy
A principle stating that the total energy of a closed system remains constant over time, regardless of other possible changes within the system. It is related to the symmetry of time invariance. See also invariance, thermodynamics. |