litmus test

noun
1.
Chemistry. the use of litmus paper or solution to test the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
2.
a crucial and revealing test in which there is one decisive factor.

Origin:
1955–60; so called from chemical tests in which litmus or litmus paper is an indicator

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Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2013.
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Collins
World English Dictionary
litmus test
 
n
1.  a test to establish the acidity or alkalinity of a mixture
2.  a critical indication of future success or failure

Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
2009 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009
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00:10
Litmus test is always a great word to know.
So is mole. Does it mean:
the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams; a gram molecule
a salt of hydrocyanic acid, such as potassium cyanide, KCN
American Heritage
Medical Dictionary

litmus test n.
A test for chemical acidity or basicity using litmus paper.

The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
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Example sentences
Having a humor-group or a beer-group is relatively simple, since there is no
  ideological litmus test for enjoying comedy or beer.
In a way it's as much a litmus test of human nature as it is a reference tool.
The litmus test is whether you can spot them in advance.
The questions were a litmus test to ask a candidate.
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