1390, originally of celestial bodies, from O.Fr.
revolution, from L.L.
revolutionem (nom.
revolutio) "a revolving," from L.
revolutus, pp. of
revolvere "turn, roll back" (see
revolve). General sense of "instance of great change in affairs" is recorded from c.1450. Political meaning first recorded 1600, derived from French, and was especially applied to the expulsion of the Stuart dynasty under James II in 1688 and transfer of sovereignty to William and Mary.
Revolutionary as a noun is first attested 1850, from the adjective.
Revolutionize "to change a thing completely and fundamentally" is first recorded 1799.