mixturechemistry and physics
Main
Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.
Assorted References
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comparison with chemical compounds
( in chemical element: General observations )
...oxygen; these two substances, however, are elements because they cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by any known chemical process. Most samples of naturally occurring matter are physical mixtures of compounds. Seawater, for example, is a mixture of water and a large number of other compounds, the most common of which is sodium chloride, or table salt. Mixtures differ from compounds...
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separation methods
( in separation and purification: Basic concepts of separations )
...new samples, each of which—in the ideal case—consists of a single substance. Separation methods, then, can be defined as processes that change the relative amounts of substances in a mixture. In chemical methods, one may start with a completely homogeneous mixture (a solution) or a heterogeneous sample (e.g., solid plus liquid); in the act of separation, some particles are...
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transport properties of gases
( in gas: Viscosity )
The third property pertains to the viscosity of mixtures. A viscous syrup, for example, can be made less so by the addition of a liquid with a lower viscosity, such as water. By analogy, one would expect that a mixture of carbon dioxide, which is fairly viscous, with a gas like hydrogen, which is much less viscous, would have a viscosity intermediate to that of carbon dioxide and hydrogen....
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viscosity
( in gas: Viscosity )
The behaviour of the viscosity of a mixture can also be explained by the foregoing calculation. In a mixture of a light gas and a viscous heavy gas, both types of molecules have the same average energy; however, most of the momentum is carried by the heavy molecules, which are therefore the main contributors to the viscosity. The light molecules are rather ineffective in deflecting the heavy...
Citations
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development by Millardet Millardet, Pierre-Marie-Alexis
...and, after three years of experimentation and testing, published his favourable results in the Journal d’Agriculture Pratique. This combination of chemicals, which became known as the Bordeaux mixture, was the first fungicide to receive large-scale use the world over and can be said to have started a new era in the technology of agriculture.
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use as fungicide fungicide
Bordeaux mixture, a liquid composed of hydrated lime, copper sulfate, and water, was one of the earliest fungicides. Bordeaux mixture and Burgundy mixture, a similar composition, are still widely used to treat orchard trees. Copper compounds and sulfur have been used on plants separately and as combinations. Synthetic organic compounds are now more commonly used because they give protection and...
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major reference colour
...sequence. According to some estimates, the eye can distinguish some 10 million colours, all of which derive from two types of light mixture: additive and subtractive. As the names imply, additive mixture involves the addition of spectral components, and subtractive mixture concerns the subtraction or absorption of parts of the spectrum.
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photography photography, technology of
...stimuli. Each of these primary colours—blue-violet, green, and red—covers roughly one-third of the visible spectrum. Tricolour impressions can be produced by combining coloured lights (additive synthesis) or by passing white light through combinations of complementary filters, each of which holds back one of the primary colours (subtractive synthesis).
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use as fungicide fungicide
Bordeaux mixture, a liquid composed of hydrated lime, copper sulfate, and water, was one of the earliest fungicides. Bordeaux mixture and Burgundy mixture, a similar composition, are still widely used to treat orchard trees. Copper compounds and sulfur have been used on plants separately and as combinations. Synthetic organic compounds are now more commonly used because they give protection and...
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organ tone production keyboard instrument
From the earliest times, organs have, therefore, been supplied with what are known generically as mixture stops, which have several high-pitched pipes to each note. But, since, for example, a 1-foot rank could not be carried right up to the top note, it breaks back an octave at some convenient point in the compass. Ranks pitched even higher will break back more than once. Thus, in the bass, a...
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stop stop
...consist of pipes sounding higher (e.g., by five notes) than the other pipes, rather than in unison with them. Used in combination with unison pipes they add an incisive quality to the sound. Mixture stops consist of two or more ranks of pipes, both unison and mutation ranks, controlled by a single stop.
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origin of medicines pharmaceutical industry
...An herbal compendium, said to have been written in the 28th century bc by the legendary emperor Shennong, described the antifever capabilities of a substance known as chang shan (from the plant species Dichroa febrifuga), which has since been shown to contain antimalarial alkaloids (alkaline organic chemicals containing...
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