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...strength of the sites they occupied, often diverging greatly at different points of the site. The defense of the enceinte, or outer wall, of the castle was generally by means of one or more lines of moats, which were crossed in front of the gateways by drawbridges—i.e., bridges that could be drawn back or raised from the inner side in order to prevent the moats from being crossed. The...
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...strength of the sites they occupied, often diverging greatly at different points of the site. The defense of the enceinte, or outer wall, of the castle was generally by means of one or more lines of moats, which were crossed in front of the gateways by drawbridges—i.e., bridges that could be drawn back or raised from the inner side in order to prevent the moats from being crossed. The...
...down, and a reduction was made in the large number of floating houses anchored along the riverfront. A new route, Charoen Krung (New Road), leading southward, was constructed, and a new city moat, Khlong Phadung Krung Kasem, parallel to the city’s first canal, was dug and fortified; a long canal led from it to the present port area (Khlong Toei), thus allowing small boats to bypass the large...
Most people would probably still put the centre of Tokyo much where the centre of Edo was, immediately to the east of the palace. Marunouchi, inside the outer castle moat (now filled in), is the entrepreneurial hub of the city and of Japan; it is where the prefectural offices were until 1991. Farther east, immediately beyond the avenue built on the filled-in moat, there has been a shift....
in Tokyo-Yokohama Metropolitan Area: The Meiji period (1868–19l2) )...before used by the Japanese. Sometime later the Mitsubishi enterprises set about turning their “meadow,” vacant land within the outer castle moat, into a business centre. This became the Marunouchi district, also largely built of brick. Only fragments of the Ginza “bricktown” and of what came to be called the Mitsubishi “Londontown” survive. Monumental...
Many historical buildings survived, including the castle on the waterfront, the Doma Cathedral (dating from c. 1215), and several medieval merchants’ houses and warehouses. The canal around the old town was the medieval moat, though the former fortifications have been replaced by boulevards. The historic centre of Riga was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1997.
...front of the gateways by drawbridges—i.e., bridges that could be drawn back or raised from the inner side in order to prevent the moats from being crossed. The gateway was often protected by a barbican—a walled outwork in front of the gate—and the passage through the gateway was defended by portcullises, doors, and machicolations. Portcullises were generally made of oak, were...
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