territorial watersinternational law
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commercial fishing commercial fishing
The Law of the Sea extended from 12 to 200 miles an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) within which a coastal country has control over fisheries and their exploitation. This effectively restricts most fishing operations on the continental shelves to national vessels or to craft licensed by that country. Within the EEZ, fresh water and coastal waters are often demarcated by law, with fishing within,...
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international law international law
...projecting points may be drawn. A state has sovereignty over its territorial seas, but they are subject to the right of innocent passage—i.e., the right of all shipping to pass through the territorial waters of states, provided that the passage is not prejudicial. Examples of prejudicial conduct include the threat or use of force, spying, willful and serious pollution, breaches of...
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Law of the Sea Sea, Law of the
...Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, signed Dec. 10, 1982. The convention, described as a “constitution for the oceans,” represents an attempt to codify international law regarding territorial waters, sea-lanes, and ocean resources. It came into force in 1994 after it had been ratified by the requisite 60 countries; by the early 21st century the convention had been ratified...
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territorial waters international law
A series of other maritime zones extend beyond territorial seas. A contiguous zone—which must be claimed and, unlike territorial seas, does not exist automatically—allows coastal states to exercise the control necessary to prevent and punish infringements of customs, sanitary, fiscal, and immigration regulations within and beyond its territory or territorial sea. The zone originally...
The coat of arms of the Northwest Territories was designed by the air force commander Alan B. Beddoe and approved in 1956. Its crest includes a compass rose, two narwhals, and a wreath. The chief (upper portion) of the shield represents the ice fields of the far north and the Northwest Passage, which for centuries lured explorers to the region. The green and red areas of the shield stand for the forests of the Mackenzie River valley and for the tundra of the Canadian Shield area. The northern tree line is reflected in the wavy division between the two areas. The importance of the fur trade in the territory’s past is symbolized in the head of a fox, while the yellow billets refer to the mining of gold.
Among more than 3,000 flag designs submitted in a 1968 competition, that of Robert Bessant, an 18-year-old student from Manitoba, was chosen as the most appropriate for the territorial flag. His proposal called for a background of three unequal vertical stripes, similar to the ones in the Canadian national flag. White was to symbolize the northern snows, while blue was a reference to the skies and waters of the area and the loneliness of the land. The design was approved by the Territorial Council in January 1969 and established by ordinance on February 18, 1971.
in international law, the right of belligerents to requisition for their use neutral merchant vessels, aircraft, and other means of transport that are within their territorial jurisdiction. Generally, the right of angary should be applied only in case of pressing need in time of war, and compensation is due to the neutral owner. The right of angary has, in effect, come to be extended to cover not only land and sea transport but also any kind of neutral property under the jurisdiction of a belligerent.
The right of angary was applied on several occasions during World Wars I and II. Thus, by proclamation of March 20, 1918, the president of the United States took over merchant vessels of Dutch registry lying in U.S. waters. Similar action was taken by Great Britain, France, and Italy. The United States in 1941, though formally still neutral, took over foreign vessels lying idle in its territorial waters but did so under a special right conferred by statute.
It has come to be recognized that the peacetime powers of expropriation grant adequate authority to seize and requisition property under the territorial jurisdiction of a belligerent state without having recourse to the right of angary.
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