vengeancelegal concept
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Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.
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code of Magnus
( in Roman law: Delict and contract )
As early as the 6th and 5th centuries bc, Roman law was experiencing a transition from a system of private vengeance to one in which the state insisted that the person wronged accept compensation instead of vengeance. Thus, in the case of assault (injuria), if one man broke another’s limb, talio was still permitted (that is, the person wronged could inflict the same injury as he...
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code of Magnus Roman law
As early as the 6th and 5th centuries bc, Roman law was experiencing a transition from a system of private vengeance to one in which the state insisted that the person wronged accept compensation instead of vengeance. Thus, in the case of assault (injuria), if one man broke another’s limb, talio was still permitted (that is, the person wronged could inflict the same injury as he...
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discussed in biography Asch, Sholem
...novel about the massacres instigated by the Cossack leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1648, and Motke ganef (1916; Mottke, the Thief)—and the play Got fun nekome (1907; The God of Vengeance), about a Jewish brothel owner whose daughter has a lesbian relationship with one of her father’s prostitutes. The play was produced in Berlin by Max Reinhardt in 1910 but...
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discussed in biography Prud’hon, Pierre-Paul
Prud’hon achieved fame and honour with an allegorical work, Crime Pursued by Vengeance and Justice (1808). The elegance, fancy, and grace of his work, reminiscent of the pre-Revolutionary era, prompted David to compare him unfavourably with the Rococo master François Boucher. Because of his imperfect understanding of the aging of pigment, Prud’hon’s paintings...
German ballistic missile of World War II, the forerunner of modern space rockets and long-range missiles.
Developed in Germany from 1936 through the efforts of scientists led by Wernher von Braun, it was first successfully launched on October 3, 1942, and was fired against Paris on September 6, 1944. Two days later the first of more than 1,100 V-2s was fired against Great Britain (the last on March 27, 1945). Belgium was also heavily bombarded. After the war both the United States and the Soviet Union captured large numbers of V-2s and used them in research that led to the development of their missile and space exploration programs.
The V-2 was 14 metres (47 feet) long, weighed 12,700–13,200 kg (28,000–29,000 pounds) at launching, and developed about 60,000 pounds of thrust, burning alcohol and liquid oxygen. The payload was about 725 kg (1,600 pounds) of high explosive, horizontal range was about 320 km (200 miles), and the peak altitude usually reached was roughly 80 km (50 miles). See also rockets and missile systems: The V-2. For contemporary accounts of V-2 bombings of London as recorded in the Britannica Book of the Year see BTW: London Classics: London in World War II.
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Braun Braun, Wernher von
...were successfully demonstrated, and the long-range ballistic missile A-4 and the supersonic anti-aircraft missile Wasserfall were developed. The A-4 was designated by the Propaganda Ministry as V-2, meaning Vengeance Weapon 2. By 1944 the level of technology of the rockets and missiles being tested at Peenemünde was many years ahead of that...
German jet-propelled missile of World War II, the forerunner of modern cruise missiles.
More than 8,000 V-1s were launched against London from June 13, 1944, to March 29, 1945, with about 2,400 hitting the target area. A smaller number were fired against Belgium. The rockets were launched from the Pas-de-Calais area on the northern coast of France and subsequently from other sites in German-occupied western Europe. (For contemporary accounts of the bombings of London, see BTW: London Classics: London in World War II.)
The V-1 was about 8 metres (25 feet) long, exclusive of the long tailpipe of its jet engine, and had a wingspan of about 5.5 metres (20 feet). It was launched from catapult ramps or sometimes from aircraft. It carried an 850-kilogram (1,870-pound) explosive warhead at about 580 km (360 miles) per hour and had an average range of 240 km (150 miles). See also rockets and missile systems: The V-1.
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Typhoon aircraft Typhoon
...and motorized transport in the Normandy campaign and in the subsequent pursuit of German forces across France and the Low Countries. Typhoons were also effective in shooting down German V-1 “buzz bombs.” Some 3,000 were manufactured, most of them by Gloster Aircraft Company.
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World War II ( in rocket and missile system: Strategic missiles
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Although experiments were undertaken before World War II on crude prototypes of the cruise and ballistic missiles, the modern weapons are generally considered to have their true origins in the V-1 and V-2 missiles launched by Germany in 1944–45. Both of those Vergeltungswaffen, or “Vengeance Weapons,” defined the problems of propulsion and guidance that have continued ever...
in rocket and missile... )
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