yield strengthmechanics
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Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.
Assorted References
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affected by radiation
( in materials testing: Radiation )
...detrimental to strength; for example, exposure of polyethylene plastic for short periods of time increases its tensile strength. Longer exposures, however, decrease tensile strength. Tensile and yield strength of a type of carbon-silicon steel increase with exposure to neutron radiation, although elongation, reduction in area, and probably fracture toughness apparently decrease with...
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alloys
( in metallurgy: Increasing strength )
The most common reason for alloying is to increase the strength of a metal. This requires that barriers to slip be distributed uniformly throughout the crystalline grains. On the finest scale, this is done by dissolving alloying agents in the metal matrix (a procedure known as solid solution hardening). The atoms of the alloying metals may substitute for matrix atoms on regular sites (in which...
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cement
( in cement: Strength )
The tests that measure the rate at which a cement develops strength are usually made on a mortar commonly composed of one part cement to three parts sand, by weight, mixed with a defined quantity of water. Tensile tests on briquettes, shaped like a figure eight thickened at the centre, were formerly used but have been replaced or supplemented by compressive tests on cubical specimens or...
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glass ( in industrial glass: Strength and fracturing
)
Glass is exceptionally strong, much stronger than most metals, when tested in the pristine state. Under pure compression, glass may undergo a more or less reversible compression but not fracture. Its theoretical strength in tension is estimated to be 14 to 35 gigapascals (2 to 5 million pounds per square inch); glass fibres produced under very careful drawing conditions have approached 11.5...
in industrial glass: Strengthening )Glass may be strengthened using one of several processes: temporarily reducing the severity of flaws by fire polishing or “etching” (i.e., chemical polishing); introducing surface compression by overlay glazing, thermal tempering, or ion exchange; and toughening by lamination.
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inelastic response
( in solids, mechanics of: Inelastic response )
...means that “unloading” involves only elastic response.) For the ideally plastic solid, which is idealized to be able to flow without increase of stress when σ equals the yield strength level, dεp/dt is regarded as an undetermined but necessarily nonnegative parameter, which can be determined (sometimes not uniquely) only through...
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materials science
( in materials science: Aluminum )
Two primary properties of any metal are (1) its yield strength, defined as its ability to resist permanent deformation (such as a fender dent), and (2) its elastic modulus, defined as its ability to resist elastic or springy deflection like a drum head. By alloying, aluminum can be made to have a yield strength equal to a moderately strong steel and therefore to exhibit similar resistance to...
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paper
( in papermaking: Strength and durability )
The strength of paper is determined by the following factors in combination: (1) the strength of the individual fibres of the stock, (2) the average length of the fibre, (3) the interfibre bonding ability of the fibre, which is enhanced by the beating and refining action, and (4) the structure and formation of the sheet.
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rocks
( in rock: Stress-strain relationships )
If the applied stress is removed while a ductile material is in the plastic range, part of the strain is recoverable (elastically), but there is permanent deformation. The ultimate strength is the highest point (stress) on a stress-strain curve, often occurring at fracture (which is the complete loss of cohesion). The strength of a material is its resistance to failure (destruction of...
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substitution for yield point
( in yield point )
...plastic behaviour. When stresses less than the yield point are removed, the material returns to its original shape. For many materials that do not have a well-defined yield point, a quantity called yield strength is substituted. Yield strength is the stress at which a material has undergone some arbitrarily chosen amount of permanent deformation, often 0.2 percent. A few materials start to...
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wood
( in wood: Mechanical properties )
The mechanical, or strength, properties of wood (see table) are measures of its ability to resist applied forces that might tend to change its shape and size. Resistance to such forces depends on their magnitude and manner of application and to various characteristics of the wood such as moisture content and density. It is important to note that wood has drastically different strength...
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affected by radiation materials testing
...detrimental to strength; for example, exposure of polyethylene plastic for short periods of time increases its tensile strength. Longer exposures, however, decrease tensile strength. Tensile and yield strength of a type of carbon-silicon steel increase with exposure to neutron radiation, although elongation, reduction in area, and probably fracture toughness apparently decrease with...
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alloys metallurgy
The most common reason for alloying is to increase the strength of a metal. This requires that barriers to slip be distributed uniformly throughout the crystalline grains. On the finest scale, this is done by dissolving alloying agents in the metal matrix (a procedure known as solid solution hardening). The atoms of the alloying metals may substitute for matrix atoms on regular sites (in which...
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cement cement
The tests that measure the rate at which a cement develops strength are usually made on a mortar commonly composed of one part cement to three parts sand, by weight, mixed with a defined quantity of water. Tensile tests on briquettes, shaped like a figure eight thickened at the centre, were formerly used but have been replaced or supplemented by compressive tests on cubical specimens or...
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glass ( in industrial glass: Strength and fracturing
)
Glass is exceptionally strong, much stronger than most metals, when tested in the pristine state. Under pure compression, glass may undergo a more or less reversible compression but not fracture. Its theoretical strength in tension is estimated to be 14 to 35 gigapascals (2 to 5 million pounds per square inch); glass fibres produced under very careful drawing conditions have approached 11.5...
in industrial glass: Strengthening )Glass may be strengthened using one of several processes: temporarily reducing the severity of flaws by fire...
in mechanical engineering, load at which a solid material that is being stretched begins to flow, or change shape permanently, divided by its original cross-sectional area; or the amount of stress in a solid at the onset of permanent deformation. The yield point, alternatively called the elastic limit, marks the end of elastic behaviour and the beginning of plastic behaviour. When stresses less than the yield point are removed, the material returns to its original shape. For many materials that do not have a well-defined yield point, a quantity called yield strength is substituted. Yield strength is the stress at which a material has undergone some arbitrarily chosen amount of permanent deformation, often 0.2 percent. A few materials start to yield, or flow plastically, at a fairly well-defined stress (upper yield point) that falls rapidly to a lower steady value (lower yield point) as deformation continues. Any increase in the stress beyond the yield point causes greater permanent deformation and eventually fracture. See deformation and flow.
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rocks rock
...In plastic behaviour, the material strains continuously (but still has strength) after the yield point stress is reached; however, beyond this point there is some permanent deformation. In elasticoviscous deformation, there is combined elastic and viscous behaviour. The material yields continuously (viscously) for a constant applied load. An example of such behaviour is creep, a slow,...
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bone bone
...to concentrate about defects and for these defects to propagate. On the other hand, the collagen fibrils of bone possess high elasticity, little compressive strength, and considerable intrinsic tensile strength. The tensile strength of bone depends, however, not on collagen alone but on the intimate association of mineral with collagen, which confers on bone many of the general properties...
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high-strength low-alloy steel materials science
...in the late 1970s to satisfy the need for weight savings through greater strength, the HSLA steels tend to be low in carbon with minute additions of titanium or vanadium, for example. Offering tensile strengths that can be triple the value of the carbon steels they are designed to replace (e.g., 700 megapascals versus 200 megapascals), they have led to significant weight savings...
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masonry masonry
...concrete helped the Romans develop the arch into one of the great basic construction forms. Prior to the arch, all builders in stone had been handicapped by the stone’s fundamental lack of tensile strength—that is, its tendency to break under its own weight when supported on widely separated piers or walls. The Egyptians had roofed temples with stone slabs but had been forced to...
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materials testing materials testing
Tensile testing is difficult to perform directly upon certain brittle materials such as glass and ceramics. In such cases, a measure of the tensile strength of the material may be obtained by performing a bend test, in which tensile (stretching) stresses develop on one side of the bent member and corresponding compressive stresses develop on the opposite side. If the material is substantially...
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paper papermaking
...strength to withstand the treatment received by the product in use; but even where use...
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calculation of tunnel support tunnels and underground excavations
...with time, however, increasing the load on the support. Thus, the total load is shared between support and ground arch in proportion to their relative stiffness by a physical mechanism termed structure-medium interaction. The support load increases greatly when the inherent ground strength is much reduced by allowing excessive yield to loosen the rock mass. Because this may occur when...
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