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modern railway use
( in railroad: Diesel-electric locomotion and electronic systems )
In the first half of the 20th century, advances in railroad technology and operating practice were limited. One of the most far-reaching was the perfection of diesel traction as a more efficient alternative to steam and as a more cost-effective option than electrification where train movements were not intensive. Another was the move from mechanical signaling and telephonic traffic-control...
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automotive systems automobile
After World War II the diesel engine, particularly for light trucks and taxis, became popular in Europe because of its superior fuel economy and various tax incentives. During the 1970s General Motors converted some gasoline passenger-car engines to the more economical compression-ignition diesel operation, and Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, and Peugeot marketed diesel lines in America that derived...
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diesel engines diesel engine
Petroleum products normally used as fuel for diesel engines are distillates composed of heavy hydrocarbons, with at least 12 to 16 carbon atoms per molecule. These heavier distillates are taken from crude oil after the more volatile portions used in gasoline are removed. The boiling points of these heavier distillates range from 177 to 343 °C (351 to 649 °F). Thus, their evaporation...
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gas oil petroleum refining
The principal end use of gas oil is as diesel fuel for powering automobile, truck, bus, and railway engines. In a diesel engine, combustion is induced by the heat of compression of the air in the cylinder under compression. Detonation, which leads to harmful knocking in a gasoline engine, is a necessity for the diesel engine. A good diesel fuel starts to burn at several locations within the...
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transportation automobile
Specially formulated gasoline is essentially the only fuel used for automobile operation, although diesel fuels are used for many trucks and buses and a few automobiles, and compressed liquefied hydrogen is being used experimentally. The most important requirements of a fuel for automobile use are proper volatility, sufficient antiknock quality, and freedom from polluting by-products of...
Student Encyclopædia Britannica articles specifically written for elementary and high school students.
- DieselNet
- Information on regulation of Diesel emission and related issues. Includes technical reports by the...
any internal-combustion engine in which air is compressed to a sufficiently high temperature to ignite diesel fuel injected into the cylinder, where combustion and expansion actuate a piston. It converts the chemical energy stored in the fuel into mechanical energy, which can be used to power freight trucks, large tractors, locomotives, and marine vessels. A limited number of automobiles also are diesel-powered, as are some electric-power generator sets.
The diesel engine is an intermittent-combustion piston-cylinder device. It operates on either a two-stroke or four-stroke cycle (see figure); however, unlike the spark-ignition gasoline engine, the diesel engine induces only air into the combustion chamber on its intake stroke. Diesel engines are typically constructed with compression ratios in the range 14:1 to 22:1. Both two-stroke and four-stroke engine designs can be found among engines with bores (cylinder diameters) less than 600 mm (24 inches). Engines with bores of greater than 600 mm are almost exclusively two-stroke cycle systems.
The diesel engine gains its energy by burning fuel injected or sprayed into the compressed, hot air charge within the cylinder. The air must be heated to a temperature greater than the temperature at which the injected fuel can ignite. Fuel sprayed into air that has a temperature higher than the “auto-ignition” temperature of the fuel spontaneously reacts with the oxygen in the air and burns. Air temperatures are typically in excess of 526 °C (979 °F); however, at engine start-up, supplemental heating of the cylinders is sometimes employed, since the temperature of the air within the cylinders is...
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modern railway use railroad
In the first half of the 20th century, advances in railroad technology and operating practice were limited. One of the most far-reaching was the perfection of diesel traction as a more efficient alternative to steam and as a more cost-effective option than electrification where train movements were not intensive. Another was the move from mechanical signaling and telephonic traffic-control...
Student Encyclopædia Britannica articles specifically written for elementary and high school students.
- Exotic Diesel Locomotives
- Information on cab unit diesel locomotives. Featuressections on the various locomotive manufacturers and a glossary. Includes a photo gallery, and historical and technical data sheets of different models.
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use in ship propulsion systems ship
The low-speed engine is characterized by rated speeds in the range of 80–120 revolutions per minute. In all cases it is a two-stroke engine supercharged by exhaust-gas turbochargers. Whereas medium-speed engines are widely employed ashore, the low-speed engine is almost exclusively a marine engine that is designed to match efficient propeller speeds without recourse to a speed-reducing...
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use in ship propulsion systems ship
The diesel engine appears in two distinct types, the medium-speed engine and the low-speed engine. Both operate on the same principles, but each has its own attractions for the ship designer.
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