topology

It is called “topological” because its understanding and analysis requires topology, the branch of pure math that studies how shapes change when stretched, bent or twisted.

Alexander won first place in the mathematics category at this year’s International Science and Engineering Fair, and has long had an interest in topology — which just might have been related to the puzzle.

Alexander has long had an interest in topology, which just might be related to his submitted puzzle.

Alexander won first place in the mathematics category at this year’s International Science and Engineering Fair for his work at the intersection of topology and medicine.

At first, topology can seem like an unusually imprecise branch of mathematics.

“Fade is a function of geography and topology,” the graybeard said quietly.