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va·lence

Audio Help [vey-luh

ns] Pronunciation Key

–noun

Chemistry.

a.	the quality that determines the number of atoms or groups with which any single atom or group will unite chemically.

b.	the relative combining capacity of an atom or group compared with that of the standard hydrogen atom. The chloride ion, Cl–, with a valence of one, has the capacity to unite with one atom of hydrogen or its equivalent, as in HCl or NaCl.

2.	Immunology. the number of determinants per molecule of antigen.

3.	the capacity of one person or thing to react with or affect another in some special way, as by attraction or the facilitation of a function or activity.

Also, valency.

[Origin: 1865–70; < L valentia strength, worth, equiv. to valent- (s. of valéns), prp. to be strong + -ia n. suffix; see -ence

]

Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006.

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Valence

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Va·lence

Audio Help [va-lahns] Pronunciation Key

–noun

a city in and the capital of Drôme, in SE France. 70,307.

Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)
Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006.

American Heritage Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

va·lence Audio Help (vā'ləns) Pronunciation Key
n. pl. va·lenc·es also va·len·cies

Chemistry
1. The combining capacity of an atom or radical determined by the number of electrons that it will lose, add, or share when it reacts with other atoms.
2. A positive or negative integer used to represent this capacity: The valences of copper are 1 and 2.
The number of binding sites of a molecule, such as an antibody or antigen.
The ability of a substance to interact with another or to produce an effect.
Psychology The degree of attraction or aversion that an individual feels toward a specific object or event.
Linguistics The number of arguments that a lexical item, especially a verb, can combine with to make a syntactically well-formed sentence, often along with a description of the categories of those constituents. Intransitive verbs (appear, arrive) have a valence of one—the subject; some transitive verbs (paint, touch), two—the subject and direct object; other transitive verbs (ask, give), three—the subject, direct object, and indirect object.
The capacity of something to unite, react, or interact with something else: "I do not claim to know much more about novels than the writing of them, but I cannot imagine one set in the breathing world which lacks any moral valence" (Robert Stone).

[Latin valentia, capacity, from valēns, valent-, present participle of valēre, to be strong; see wal- in Indo-European roots.]

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The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2006 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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Va·lence Audio Help (və-läɴs', vā-) Pronunciation Key
A city of southeast France on the Rhone River south of Lyon. Settled in Roman times, it was captured by the Visigoths in A.D. 413 and the Arabs c. 730. Population: 65,800.

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The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2006 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Online Etymology Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This
valence

c.1425, "extract, preparation," from L. valentia "strength, capacity," from valentem (nom. valens), prp. of valere "be strong" (see valiant). Meaning "combining power of an element" is recorded from 1884, from Ger. Valenz (1868), from the L. word.

WordNet - Cite This Source - Share This

valence
noun
1.	(biology) a relative capacity to unite or react or interact as with antigens or a biological substrate
2.	(chemistry) a property of atoms or radicals; their combining power given in terms of the number of hydrogen atoms (or the equivalent)

The American Heritage Science Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

valence Audio Help (vā'ləns) Pronunciation Key
A whole number that represents the ability of an atom or a group of atoms to combine with other atoms or groups of atoms. The valence is determined by the number of electrons that an atom can lose, add, or share. An atom's valence is positive if its own electrons are used in forming the bond, or negative if another atom's electrons are used. For example, a carbon atom can share four of its electrons with other atoms and therefore has a valence of +4. A sodium atom can receive an electron from another atom and therefore has a valence of -1. (In this book the distinction between positive and negative valences is ignored unless it is relevant.) The valence of an atom generally indicates how many chemical bonds it is capable of forming with other atoms. Also called valence number, oxidation state.

The American Heritage® Science Dictionary
Copyright © 2002 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition - Cite This Source - Share This
valence [(vay-luhns)]

A number characterizing an atom, equal to the number of valence electrons.

[Chapter:] Physical Sciences and Mathematics

The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

va·lence (vlns) or va·len·cy (-ln-s)
n.

The combining capacity of an atom or a radical determined by the number of electrons that it will lose, add, or share when it reacts with other atoms.
A positive or negative integer used to represent this capacity.
The number of components of an antigen molecule to which an antibody molecule can bind.
The attraction or aversion that an individual feels toward a specific object or event.

The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.

Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

Main Entry: va·lence
Pronunciation: 'vA-l&n(t)s
Function: noun
1 a : the degree of combining power of an element or radical as shown by the number of atomic weights of a monovalent element (as hydrogen) with which the atomic weight of the element or the partial molecular weight of the radical will combine or for which it can be substituted or with which it can be compared b : a unit of valence <the four valences of carbon>
2 a : relative capacity to unite, react, or interact (as with antigens or a biological substrate) b : the degree of attractiveness an individual, activity, or object possesses as a behavioral goal <the relative potency of the valences of success and failure —Leon Festinger>

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

Valence

At`o*mic"i*ty\, n. [Cf. F. atomicit['e].] (Chem.) Degree of atomic attraction; equivalence; valence; also (a later use) the number of atoms in an elementary molecule. See Valence.

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

Valence

Biv"a*lent\, a. [L. bis twice + valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Equivalent in combining or displacing power to two atoms of hydrogen; dyad.

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Valence

Bond\, n. [The same word as band. Cf. Band, Bend.]

1. That which binds, ties, fastens, or confines, or by which anything is fastened or bound, as a cord, chain, etc.; a band; a ligament; a shackle or a manacle.

Gnawing with my teeth my bonds in sunder, I gained my freedom. --Shak.

2. pl. The state of being bound; imprisonment; captivity, restraint. "This man doeth nothing worthy of death or of bonds." --Acts xxvi.

3. A binding force or influence; a cause of union; a uniting tie; as, the bonds of fellowship.

A people with whom I have no tie but the common bond of mankind. --Burke.

4. Moral or political duty or obligation.

I love your majesty According to my bond, nor more nor less. --Shak.

5. (Law) A writing under seal, by which a person binds himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators, to pay a certain sum on or before a future day appointed. This is a single bond. But usually a condition is added, that, if the obligor shall do a certain act, appear at a certain place, conform to certain rules, faithfully perform certain duties, or pay a certain sum of money, on or before a time specified, the obligation shall be void; otherwise it shall remain in full force. If the condition is not performed, the bond becomes forfeited, and the obligor and his heirs are liable to the payment of the whole sum. --Bouvier. --Wharton.

6. An instrument (of the nature of the ordinary legal bond) made by a government or a corporation for purpose of borrowing money; as, a government, city, or railway bond.

7. The state of goods placed in a bonded warehouse till the duties are paid; as, merchandise in bond.

8. (Arch.) The union or tie of the several stones or bricks forming a wall. The bricks may be arranged for this purpose in several different ways, as in English or block bond (Fig. 1), where one course consists of bricks with their ends toward the face of the wall, called headers, and the next course of bricks with their lengths parallel to the face of the wall, called stretchers; Flemish bond (Fig.2), where each course consists of headers and stretchers alternately, so laid as always to break joints; Cross bond, which differs from the English by the change of the second stretcher line so that its joints come in the middle of the first, and the same position of stretchers comes back every fifth line; Combined cross and English bond, where the inner part of the wall is laid in the one method, the outer in the other.

9. (Chem.) A unit of chemical attraction; as, oxygen has two bonds of affinity. It is often represented in graphic formul[ae] by a short line or dash. See Diagram of Benzene nucleus, and Valence.

Arbitration bond. See under Arbitration.

Bond crediter (Law), a creditor whose debt is secured by a bond. --Blackstone.

Bond debt (Law), a debt contracted under the obligation of a bond. --Burrows.

Bond (or lap) of a slate, the distance between the top of one slate and the bottom or drip of the second slate above, i. e., the space which is covered with three thicknesses; also, the distance between the nail of the under slate and the lower edge of the upper slate.

Bond timber, timber worked into a wall to tie or strengthen it longitudinally.

Syn: Chains; fetters; captivity; imprisonment.

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

Valence

Div"a*lent\, a. [Pref. di- + L. valens, valentis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having two units of combining power; bivalent. Cf. Valence.

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

Valence

Div"a*lent\, a. [Pref. di- + L. valens, valentis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having two units of combining power; bivalent. Cf. Valence.

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

Valence

Dy"ad\, a. (Chem.) Having a valence or combining power of two; capable of being substituted for, combined with, or replaced by, two atoms of hydrogen; as, oxygen and calcium are dyad elements. See Valence.

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

Valence

E*quiv"a*lence\, n. [Cf. F. ['e]quivalence, LL. aequivalentia.]

1. The condition of being equivalent or equal; equality of worth, value, signification, or force; as, an equivalence of definitions.

2. Equal power or force; equivalent amount.

3. (Chem.) (a) The quantity of the combining power of an atom, expressed in hydrogen units; the number of hydrogen atoms can combine with, or be exchanged for; valency. See Valence. (b) The degree of combining power as determined by relative weight. See Equivalent, n., 2. [R.]

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

Valence

Hep*tav"a*lent\, a. [Hepta- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having seven units of attractive force or affinity; -- said of heptad elements or radicals.

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Valence

Hex*av"a*lent\, a. [Hexa- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of six; -- said of hexads.

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

Valence

Mo*nov"a*lent\, a. [Mono- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of one; univalent. See Univalent.

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

Valence

Mul*tiv"a*lent\, a. [Multi- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) (a) Having a valence greater than one, as silicon. (b) Having more than one degree of valence, as sulphur.

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Valence

Oc*tav"a*lent\, a. [Octa- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of eight; capable of being combined with, exchanged for, or compared with, eight atoms of hydrogen; -- said of certain atoms or radicals.

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Valence

Pen*tav"a*lent\, a. [Penta- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of five; -- said of certain atoms and radicals.

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Valence

Quad*riv"a*lent\, a. [Quadri- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of four; capable of combining with, being replaced by, or compared with, four monad atoms; tetravalent; -- said of certain atoms and radicals; thus, carbon and silicon are quadrivalent elements.

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Valence

Quin*quiv"a*lent\, a. [Quinque- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Same as Pentavalent.

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

Valence

Sex*iv"a*lent\, a. [Sex- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (hem.) Hexavalent. [R.]

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Valence

Triv"a*lent\, a. [Pref. tri- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of three; capable of being combined with, substituted for, or compared with, three atoms of hydrogen; -- said of triad atoms or radicals; thus, nitrogen is trivalent in ammonia.

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Valence

U*niv"a*lent\, a. [Uni- + L. valens, -entis, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of one; capable of combining with, or of being substituted for, one atom of hydrogen; monovalent; -- said of certain atoms and radicals.

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valence

Val"ance\, n. [Perhaps fr. OF. avalant descending, hanging down, p. pr. of avaler to go down, let down, descent (cf. Avalanche); but probably from the town of Valence in France.]

1. Hanging drapery for a bed, couch, window, or the like, especially that which hangs around a bedstead, from the bed to the floor. [Written also valence.]

Valance of Venice gold in needlework. --Shak.

2. The drooping edging of the lid of a trunk. which covers the joint when the lid is closed.

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

Valence

Va"lence\, n. [From L. valens, -entis, p. pr. of valere to have power, to be strong. See Valiant.] (Chem.) The degree of combining power of an atom (or radical) as shown by the number of atoms of hydrogen (or of other monads, as chlorine, sodium, etc.) with which it will combine, or for which it can be substituted, or with which it can be compared; thus, an atom of hydrogen is a monad, and has a valence of one; the atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon are respectively dyads, triads, and tetrads, and have a valence respectively of two, three, and four.

Note: The valence of certain elements varies in different compounds. Valence in degree may extend as high as seven or eight, as in the cases of iodine and osmium respectively. The doctrine of valence has been of fundamental importance in distinguishing the equivalence from the atomic weight, and is an essential factor in explaining the chemical structures of compounds.

Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary - Cite This Source - Share This

Valence

Val"en*cy\, n.; pl. Valencies. (Chem.) (a) See Valence. (b) A unit of combining power; a so-called bond of affinity.

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