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| a positively charged nucleus neutralized by negatively charged electrons revolving in orbits at varying distances from the nucleus |
| a photon of penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted from an atomic nucleus; electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than 1/10 of a nanometer |
| convection (kənˈvɛkʃən) | |
| —n | |
| 1. | Compare conduction a process of heat transfer through a gas or liquid by bulk motion of hotter material into a cooler region |
| 2. | meteorol the process by which masses of relatively warm air are raised into the atmosphere, often cooling and forming clouds, with compensatory downward movements of cooler air |
| 3. | geology the slow circulation of subcrustal material, thought to be the mechanism by which tectonic plates are moved |
| [C19: from Late Latin convectiō a bringing together, from Latin convehere to bring together, gather, from vehere to bear, carry] | |
| con'vectional | |
| —adj | |
| con'vective | |
| —adj | |
convection con·vec·tion (kən-věk'shən)
n.
Heat transfer in a gas or liquid by the circulation of currents from one region to another.
Fluid motion caused by an external force such as gravity.
| convection (kən-věk'shən) Pronunciation Key
Current in a fluid caused by uneven distribution of heat. For example, air on a part of the Earth's surface warmed by strong sunlight will be heated by contact with the ground and will expand and flow upward, creating a region of low pressure below it; cooler surrounding air will then flow in to this low pressure region. The air thus circulates by convection, creating winds. See Note at conduction. |
The motion of warm material that rises, cools off, and sinks again, producing a continuous circulation of material and transfer of heat. Some examples of processes involving convection are boiling water, in which heat is transferred from the stove to the air; the circulation of the atmosphere of the Earth, transferring heat from the equator to the North Pole and South Pole; and plate tectonics, in which heat is transferred from the interior of the Earth to its surface.