coun·ter·fac·tu·al

[koun-ter-fak-choo-uhl]
noun Logic.
a conditional statement the first clause of which expresses something contrary to fact, as “If I had known.”

Origin:
1945–50; counter- + factual

coun·ter·fact, noun
coun·ter·fac·tu·al·ly, adverb
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World English Dictionary
counterfactual (ˌkauntəˈfæktʃʊəl) [Click for IPA pronunciation guide]
 
adj
1.  expressing what has not happened but could, would, or might under differing conditions
 
n
2.  a conditional statement in which the first clause is a past tense subjunctive statement expressing something contrary to fact, as in: if she had hurried she would have caught the bus

Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
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00:10
Counterfactual is always a great word to know.
So is callithumpian. Does it mean:
a gadget; dingus; thingumbob.
a children's mummer's parade, as on the Fourth of July, with prizes for the best costumes.
Etymonline
Word Origin & History

counterfactual
1946, from counter- + factual.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Example sentences
If you're in academia, it's called counterfactual history.
The notion that everyone has a single coherent overarching viewpoint on the
  world strikes me as counterfactual and unreasonable.
He studies self-control, decision-making, and counterfactual reasoning.
As with any counterfactual, an answer is difficult to come by.
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